Which of the following are the reasons for the occurrence of multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens in India?

1. Genetic predisposition of some people
2. Taking incorrect doses of antibiotics to cure diseases
3. Using antibiotics in livestock farming
4. Multiple chronic diseases in some people

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Multi-drug resistance (MDR) in microbial pathogens is a significant concern. Let's analyze the given statements:

• Statement 1: Genetic predisposition of some people is not a direct cause of multi-drug resistance in microbes. While individual immune responses vary, MDR primarily arises from microbial adaptation.

• Statement 2: Taking incorrect doses of antibiotics is a major driver of MDR. Suboptimal doses can kill weaker bacteria while allowing more resistant strains to survive and proliferate.

• Statement 3: The use of antibiotics in livestock farming promotes the development of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. These bacteria can then spread to humans through direct contact, the food chain, and the environment.

• Statement 4: Multiple chronic diseases in some people do not directly cause MDR. While individuals with chronic conditions may be more susceptible to infections, MDR is a microbial phenomenon.

Statement 2 and 3 are correct. Statement 1 and 4 are incorrect. Hence, option b is the correct answer.

Sources:

• WHO - Antimicrobial resistance