Conferences of the Parties (COP) to UNFCCC: UPSC Mind Map

Key Concepts in this Mind Map

• Conferences of the Parties (COP) to UNFCCC
• - Introduction
• - Supreme decision-making body of UNFCCC
• - Annually reviews implementation of the Convention
• - Negotiates and adopts new instruments/decisions
• - UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change)
• - Signed: 1992, Rio Earth Summit
• - Entered into force: 1994
• - Objective: Stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations
• - Major COPs and Outcomes
• - COP1 (Berlin, 1995): Berlin Mandate (start of negotiations for legally binding targets)
• - COP3 (Kyoto, 1997): Kyoto Protocol
• - Legally binding targets for developed countries (Annex I Parties)
• - Flexible mechanisms: Emissions Trading, CDM, Joint Implementation
• - COP15 (Copenhagen, 2009): Copenhagen Accord (non-binding, acknowledged 2-degree target)
• - COP21 (Paris, 2015): Paris Agreement
• - Goal: Limit global warming to well below 20C, preferably to 1.50C
• - Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): bottom-up approach
• - Global Stocktake: every 5 years to assess collective progress
• - Article 6: carbon markets mechanisms
• - COP26 (Glasgow, 2021): Glasgow Climate Pact
• - Reaffirmed 1.50C goal
• - Phasing down unabated coal power
• - COP27 (Sharm el-Sheikh, 2022): Implementation COP