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Article 21: Protection of Life & Personal Liberty: UPSC Mind Map

Interactive mind map for Article 21, covering key concepts, relationships, and facts relevant to UPSC Prelims and Mains preparation.

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Key Concepts in this Mind Map

  • Article 21: Protection of Life & Personal Liberty
  • - Core Provision
  • - Fundamental Right (Part III of Indian Constitution)
  • - Available to citizens and non-citizens
  • - Evolution & Interpretation
  • - A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)
  • - 'Procedure established by law' = statutory procedure (narrow interpretation)
  • - Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)
  • - Overruled Gopalan; introduced 'due process' essence
  • - 'Procedure established by law' = fair, just, and reasonable procedure
  • - Linkage with Articles 14 & 19 (Golden Triangle)
  • - Principles of Natural Justice
  • - Broad Ambit of 'Right to Life'
  • - Right to live with human dignity (Francis Coralie Mullin case)
  • - Right to livelihood (Olga Tellis case)
  • - Right to privacy (K.S. Puttaswamy Judgment, 2017)
  • - Right to health
  • - Right to clean environment
  • - Right to education (Now Article 21A)
  • - Right to speedy trial
  • - Right to shelter, food, water
  • - Right against solitary confinement, handcuffing, public hanging
  • - Right to sleep, leisure, and reputation
  • - Broad Ambit of 'Personal Liberty'

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